如今盛世,毛主席却看不到了,但我们血液里流淌着他的精神…

莱因瓶是一个不可定向的二维紧流形,而球面或轮胎面是可 克莱因瓶 克莱因瓶 定向的二维紧流形。如果观察克莱因瓶,有一点似乎令人困惑--克莱因瓶的瓶颈和瓶身是相交的,换句话说,瓶颈上的某些点和瓶壁上的某些点占据了三维空间中的同一个位置。我们可以把克莱因瓶放在四维空间中理解:克莱因瓶是一个在四维空间中才可能真正表现出来的曲面。如果我们一定要把它表现在我们生活的三维空间中,我们只好将就点,把它表现得似乎是自己和自己相交一样。克莱因瓶的瓶颈是穿过了第四维空间再和瓶底圈连起来的,并不穿过瓶壁。用扭结来打比方,如果把它看作平面上的曲线的话,那么它似乎自身相交,再一看似乎又断成了三截。但其实很容易明白,这个图形其实是三维空间中的曲线。它并不和自己相交,而是连续不断的一条曲线。在平面上一条曲线自然做不到这样,但是如果有第三维的话,它就可以穿过第三维来避开和自己相交。只是因为我们要把它画在二维平面上时,只好将就一点,把它画成相交或者断裂了的样子。克莱因瓶也一样,我们可以把它理解成处于四维空间中的曲面。在我们这个三维空间中,即使是最高明的能工巧匠,也不得不把它做成自身相交的模样;就好像最高明的画家,在纸上画扭结的时候也不得不把它们画成自身相交的模样。有趣的是,如果把克莱因瓶沿着它的对称线切下去,竟会得到两个莫比乌斯环。在二维看似穿过自身的绳子 在二维看似穿过自身的绳子 如果莫比乌斯带能够完美的展现一个“二维空间中一维可无限扩展之空间模型”的话,克莱因瓶只能作为展现一个“三维空间中二维可无限扩展之空间模型”的参考。因为在制作莫比乌斯带的过程中,我们要对纸带进行180°翻转再首尾相连,这就是一个三维空间下的操作。理想的“三维空间中二维可无限扩展之空间模型”应该是在二维面中,朝任意方向前进都可以回到原点的模型,而克莱因瓶虽然在二维面上可以向任意方向无限前进。

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